Ofhearghusa
– creating the four medieval parishes
Niall
C.E.J. O’Brien
The medieval Irish
parish structure was formed and developed principally in the period from 1150
to 1250 with a few parishes formed before and a few after (the diocese of
Ardagh had few if any parishes by the early thirteenth century).[1]
Among the recent publications on question of medieval parish formation are Brand,
P., ‘The formation of a parish: the case of Beaulieu, County Louth’, in
Bradley, J. (ed.), Settlement and Society
in Medieval Ireland: Studies presented to F.X. Martin (Kilkenny, 1988), pp.
261-276; Nichols, K.W. ‘Rectory, Vicarage and Parish in the Western Irish
Dioceses’, in Journal of the Royal
Society of Antiquarians of Ireland, Vol. CI (1971), pp. 53-84 and
Otway-Ruthven, A.J., ‘Parochial Development in the Rural Deanery of Skreen’, in
Journal of the Royal Society of
Antiquarians of Ireland, Vol. XCIV (1964), pp. 111-22. This article gathers
material relating to the four medieval parishes within the area of Ofhearghusa
with an idea of seeing if any patterns exist on the ground or in the
manuscripts to explain the existence the four parishes. We know that the four
parishes were in existence at the end of the thirteen century but how far back in
time were they formed is a question of an unknown answer.[2]
The four parish and neighbours
Kilcockan
parish
The parish of Kilcockan,
according to the surveyors of the Civil
Survey, was bounded on the east by the River Blackwater, on the south with
the parish of Templemichael, on the west with a small river which separated it
from the parish of Kilwatermoy and on the north with the River Bride.[3]
In Kilcockan parish
there are ringforts at Ballybrack (no. 527), Crossery (no. 600), Kilcockan (no.
678), Newport West (no. 727), and Newport West (no. 728).[4]
There were enclosures at Ballyphilip West, Crossery and Newport West.[5]
There was an earthwork at Newport West.[6]
In about 1300 Kilcockan
parish was valued at £5 13s 4d with the tenth paid to Rome 11s 4d.[7] The
high value of the parish compared to its neighbours could be accosted by the
presence of Strancally castle and a developed town and agricultural estate
surrounding it. In regard to the location of Strancally castle in relation to
Kilcockan church which suggests that Kilcockan church maybe a later formation
than the castle. There was a preference among the early Norman castle builders
of locating the castle near the existing parish church like at Mocollop and
Mogeely. But Strancally is not so located.
In 1640 the parish was
divided into three townlands. Strancally measured five ploughlands and
contained 1,000 acres. Ballymcphilip measured two ploughlands and contained 310
acres while Kilmcnicholas measured four ploughlands and had 840 acres. The full
size of the parish was eleven ploughlands and 2,150 acres worth £170.[8]
In about 1851, as part
of Griffith’s Valuation, Kilcockan parish was divided into twenty-two townlands
along with Strancally demesne.[9]
Kilwatermoy
parish
The parish of
Kilwatermoy, according to the surveyors of the Civil Survey, was bounded on the east by a glen which divided it
from the parish of Kilcockan, on the south with the mountain of Bredagh, on the
west with a small river which divided it from the parish of Tallow and on the
north by the River Bride.[10]
In Kilwatermoy parish
there are ringforts at Fountain (no. 640), Headborough (no. 668) and
Headborough (669).[11]
There was an enclosure at Ballyhamlet.[12]
There were earthworks at Ballymuddy, Fountain and a small circular earthwork at
Tircullen Upper.[13] In about 1300
Kilwatermoy parish was valued at £2 with the tenth paid to Rome 4s.[14]
In 1640 the parish was
divided into fourteen townlands. Kilwatermoy measured one ploughland and had
220 acres. Ballyhamlet measured one ploughland and contained 130 acres.
Tircullenmore measured one ploughland and had 85 acres. Ballyclement measured a
quarter of a ploughland and had 40 acres. Tircullenbeg and part of Ballyclement
measured three quarters of a ploughland and contained 90 acres. Ballynemodagh
with Canemucky and Ballynitye measured three ploughlands and had 280 acres.
Dunmore measured one ploughland and contained 230 acres. Ballymote measured one
ploughland and had 400 acres. Ballyshonicke measured two ploughlands and
contained 600 acres. Killfountain with Glangenouane measured one ploughland and
had 400 acres while Ballyfinsoge measured one ploughland and had 300 acres. The
full size of Kilwatermoy was thus thirteen ploughlands and contained 2,775
acres, worth £233 6s 8d.[15]
In about 1851, as part
of Griffith’s Valuation, Kilwatermoy parish was divided into thirty-six
townlands.[16]
Tallow
parish
The parish of Tallow
(Tallogh), according to the surveyors of the Civil Survey, was bounded on the east by a small river which
separated it from the parish of Kilwatermoy, on the south with the mountain of
Bredagh in the Barony of Imokilly, Co. Cork, on the west with the Barony of
Kinnatalloon and on the north with the River Bride.[17]
There are no surviving
ringforts in Tallow parish.[18]
There was an enclosure at Loughnatouse which was described as a bivallate
‘Danish Fort’ in 1776. In the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6-inch map
the enclosure was described as a rectangular enclosure.[19]
There was an earthwork marked on the 1776 Scale map at Knockrour and which was
described as a ‘Danish Fort’.[20]
In about 1300 Tallow
parish, called Tillaghrath, was valued at £4 18s with the tenth paid to Rome 9s
9½d.[21] The
location of the town of Tallow within this parish increases its value relative
to its neighbouring parishes. It is possible that the parish of Tallow could be
a late creation to give the town a parish of its own. In 1199 the Diocese of Cork claimed Tallow church as part of its paruchia and the church therefore must have existed for a few years before that time. [22]
In 1640 the parish of
Tallow was divided into nine townlands. Glenaboy measured half a ploughland and
contained 120 acres. Kilmore (which included the town of Tallow) measured one
ploughland and contained 400 acres. Kilwinny and Carrigree measured three
quarters of a ploughland and contained 200 acres. Ballyhander measured one
ploughland and contained 60 acres. Kilbeg measured one ploughland and contained
60 acres. Killeagh measured three ploughlands and had 620 acres. Carrigroe
measured a quarter ploughland and had 40 acres while Barnykely measured half a
ploughland and contained 140 acres. The full measure of the parish in 1640 was
eight ploughlands and 1,640 acres worth £390 16s.[23]
In about 1851, as part
of Griffith’s Valuation, Tallow parish was divided into twenty-eight townlands
including the town of Tallow.[24]
Templemichael
parish
The parish of
Templemichael, according to the surveyors of the Civil Survey, was bounded on the east by the River Blackwater, on
the south by the River Tourig, on the west with part of Cornifeagh, part of
Ballydonnell and the mountain of Slieveonariffe and on the north with the
mountain of Kilmacnicholas and the lands of Strancally.[25]
In Templemichael parish
there are ringforts in Ballynatray Demesne (no. 555) and Castlemiles (no. 586).[26]
There were enclosures at Ballycondon and Ballynatray Demesne.[27]
There were earthworks at Ballydasoon, Ballyrussel, Carrigeen and Coolbeggan
East.[28]
In about 1300
Templemichael parish, called Rincrew, was valued at £2 16s 8d with the tenth
paid to Rome 5s 8d.[29]
This parish contained Molana Abbey yet it has a low value compared to its
neighbours for which an answer is difficult to conclude. Yet the present of the
ancient abbey of Molana may meant that this parish was an ancient formation of
pre-Norman times.
Molana Abbey
In 1640 the parish was
divided into two great parts; the land of Ballynatray and the lands of
Templemichael. Ballynatray measured five ploughlands and contained 723 acres.
Templemichael measured seven and a half ploughlands and contained 907 acres.
Between these great parts was another 1,000 acres in disputed ownership. Thus,
in 1640 the parish of Templemichael measured twelve and a half ploughlands and
had 2,630 acres worth £250.[30] In about 1851, as part
of Griffith’s Valuation, Templemichael parish was divided into twenty-three
townlands along with Ballynatray demesne.[31]
The
four parishes in comparison
Having viewed each
parish in turn it is now to compare each parish to its neighbours and see if
any pattern develops which could explain why four medieval parishes exist in
this land of Ofhearghusa.
Archaeological
sites
Table 1
Ringfort
|
Enclosure
|
Earthwork
|
Totals
|
|
Kilcockan
|
Five
|
Three
|
One
|
Nine
|
Kilwatermoy
|
Three
|
One
|
Three
|
Seven
|
Tallow
|
None
|
One
|
One
|
Two
|
Templemichael
|
Two
|
Two
|
Four
|
Eight
|
The number of
archaeological sites in table 1 would suggest that population size was a factor
in the size of a medieval parish. But of course the listed archaeological sites
are those that we can see. Recent archaeology investigations to do with road
construction have shown that there are many more archaeological sites under the
ground that we do not know of. The above figures therefore very possibly will increase
if a large archaeological survey was made in the Ofhearghusa area.
c.1300
Table 2
Value
|
Statute
acres
1841
|
Value/acre
|
|
Kilcockan
|
£5
13s 4d (1,360d)
|
4,538
|
0.300d/ac
|
Kilwatermoy
|
£2
(480d)
|
6,557
|
0.073d/ac
|
Tallow
|
£4
18s (1,176d)
|
5,027
|
0.234d/ac
|
Templemichael
|
£2
16s 8d (680d)
|
8,215
|
0.083d/ac
|
The values per parishes
in about 1300 are the earliest record we have available. The Synod of Cashel in
1171 commended all within a parish to pay tithes to their own parish.[32]
1640
Kilcockan = 195.45
acres per pl = £15 9s 2d per pl = 18.97d per acre
Kilwatermoy = 213.46
acres per pl = £17 18s 11d per pl = 20.18d per acre
Tallow = 205 acres per
pl = £48 17s per pl = 57.19d per acre
Templemichael = 210.4
acres per pl = £20 per pl = 22.81d per acre
These values per parish, from the Civil Survey, would seem to suggest an average value of 21 pence (d) per parish with Tallow
showing a higher value because of the town. When the four parishes were created
about 1200 + 50 years it is likely that Tallow town was not there to any
large extent and that the four parishes could have been all about the same
value.
1660
The new town of Oxford in England, built after 800, suggests that population size was an influences factor in the size of a parish. Initially four parishes were laid out within the city walls but as the population exceeded expectations four additional parishes were created within the town. In the 1660s we get some idea of population size in the Ofhearghusa area. In 1660 a numerical
listing of taxpayers was made and gives us some idea of the populations in each
parish at that time.[33] The
1662 Subsidy Roll gives a much reduced number of taxpayers yet the proportion
to each parish is about the same as in 1660.[34]
Table 3
Taxpayers in
1660
|
Hd/acre
|
Taxpayers in
1662
|
|
Kilcockan
|
180
|
0.0397/ac
|
25 (0.0055)
|
Kilwatermoy
|
229
|
0.0349/ac
|
37 (0.0056)
|
Tallow
|
347
|
0.0690/ac
|
38 (0.0076)
|
Templemichael
|
244
|
0.0297/ac
|
29 (0.0035)
|
1841
Table 4
People
|
Statute
acres
|
People/acre
|
|
Kilcockan
|
1,420
|
4,538
|
0.313
|
Kilwatermoy
|
2,400
|
6,557
|
0.366
|
Tallow
|
4,867
|
5,027
|
0.968
|
Templemichael
|
2,994
|
8,215
|
0.365
|
Discussion
The reason for the
shape and size of the four parishes on the basis of the above data is as yet
unknown. The real data we need is from the 12th and 13th
century and that is just beyond our reach. The question of what was the main
motivating factor in the size of a medieval parish is still unclear – was it
the size of the population (Viking towns in Ireland like Cork, Waterford,
Wexford and Dublin have a number of parishes within the town) – the value of
the tithes (table 2) – the size of the pre-existing temporal territory or some
other factor or a combination of factors.
It is also possible
that the land of Ofhearghusa was once one single parish and that by 1300 had
been divided into four parishes. At the time of the dissolution of the
monasteries in 1540 Molana Abbey possessed the rectorial tithes of all four
parishes.[35]
In about 1185 the parish of Skreen in County Meath was a single unit but by
1233 had divided into six parishes and eight parishes by 1300 and had descended
into ten parishes by the 16th century. In about 1190 Pope Alexander
III decreed that a new parish could be created out of an existing one if the
old parish church was difficult to attend in winter for those living in the far
reaches of the single parish.[36]
The combined area of Kilcockan and Templemichael is 12,753 acres while
Kilwatermoy and Tallow is 11,584 acres. Although the eventual area of each
parish is different the combined area of two parishes joined up is only about
1,000 acres in difference. These combined parish formation is worth remembering.
In pre-Invasion Ireland
the tuath was the lowest lordship
unit which on good land averaged about 17,000 acres and was larger on poor
land. The total area of Ofhearghusa was over 24,000 acres. Each tuath was further divided into
individual bailte which gives the
ubiquitous ‘bally’. These bailte
averaged about 2,000 to 3,000 acres on good land and were larger on poor land.[37] In
the sequence of events the temporal estate came before the formation of a
medieval parish. Evidence elsewhere shows that the existence of parishes can be
traced back to pre-existing temporal estates as in the case of Henbury and
Westbury in Gloucestershire.[38]
Studies in Ireland support the idea of the temporal estate coming before the
parish formation and that the former influence the boundaries of the latter.[39]
All accounts suggest
that Ofhearghusa was one area before the Norman Conquest as far as we can assess
and had one temporal landlord (Fitzgerald of Kildare, later the de Clare family/Badlesmere,
Earls of Ormond and 15th/16th century the Earls of
Desmond) after 1200 with two principal tenants (the Dene family and the de
Exeter family) along with the Molana Abbey estate.[40]
Although the medieval
records relating to Ofhearghusa are few they provide us with interesting
information and the absence of documents is also of interest. The two principal
tenants are often mentioned as holding land in Tallow, the Island (Kilcockan
parish) and Rincrew (Templemichael parish) but Kilwatermoy is not mentioned.[41]
The medieval ownership
of Kilwatermoy is obscure. It appears the parish lay outside the Fitzgerald/Clare/Badlesmere/Ormond/Desmond
ownership. In 1540 Molana Abbey held land there.[42] In
ancient legend the site of the medieval church of Kilwatermoy marks the place
where the enraged St. Patrick’s cow caught up with her calf which was stolen by
a family who, it is claimed, still have descendants in the parish to modern
times.[43] It
is possible that the ancient religious tradition in Kilwatermoy allowed
Kilwatermoy to be an existing parish before the Norman invasion and before the
formation of its neighbouring parishes.
Kilwatermoy medieval church
Above the level of the parish
was the rural deanery where a group of parishes were united for the purposes of
diocesan administration. The four parishes of Ofhearghusa form part of the
large rural deanery of Lismore/Dungarvan.[44]
This area included the Norman cantreds of Dungarvan, Owath, Slefgo, Athmethan
and Lismore/Ofhearghusa.[45]
In other places it appears that the rural deanery corresponded to the tuath cét of pre-Invasion Ireland. These
tuath cét were the lowest level of
kingdom to exist.[46] Although
this is interesting information it seems not to add greatly to our
investigation for the origin of the four parishes of Ofhearghusa.
Instead the combined
information gathered in this article would seem to suggest that before 1169
there existed in Ofhearghusa the presence of two parishes, namely;
Kilwatermoy/Tallow and Templemichael/Kilcockan. After 1169 and possibly around
1200 the parish of Tallow was formed to accommodate the growing town of Tallow. A church at Tallow is mentioned in 1199. About the same time a castle was erected at Strancally which castle grew in
importance such that its lord desired to have a parish of its own surrounding
it. Thus Kilcockan parish was formed with a new church located some distance to
the west of the castle. The ogee-headed east window at Kilcockan church is a 13th century feature. All this formation happened long before 1300 so that by
the end of the 13th century there were four parishes where once
there was only two.
Kilcockan east window
It would appear
therefore that a combination of factors made the four parishes. The territorial
factor made Kilwatermoy and Templemichael before 1169 while population combined
with tithe income may have caused the creation of Tallow parish while territorial
influences coupled with tithe income helped the creation of Kilcockan parish. Thus
in the formation of the medieval parish there is no single reason for that
formation but a combination of factors which influence different parishes at
different times. It is those different influences at different times which have
prevented historians up until now from writing a definitive answer to parish formation
because they have searched for a single answer but there is no single answer. Rather
a varied combination of local and international factors influenced medieval parish
formation.
Bibliography
Brand, P., ‘The
formation of a parish: the case of Beaulieu, County Louth’, in Bradley, J.
(ed.), Settlement and Society in Medieval
Ireland: Studies presented to F.X. Martin (Kilkenny, 1988), pp. 261-276
Brooks, E. St. John, Knight’s fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow
and Kilkenny in 13th-15th Century (Dublin, 1950)
Empey, C.A., ‘County Waterford:
1200-1300’, in Nolan, W., and Power, T.P. (eds.), Waterford History & Society: Interdisciplinary Essays on the
History of an Irish County (Dublin, 1992), pp. 131-146
Harbison, S.H., ‘The
Absentee Problem in Waterford and East Cork during William of Windsor’s
Administration, l369-'76’, in Decies,
No. 23 (1983), pp. 4-16
MacCotter, P., A History of the Medieval Diocese of Cloyne
(Blackrock, 2013)
MacNeill, E., Phases of Irish History (Dublin, 1920)
Moore, M. (ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County Waterford
(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1999)
Orme, N., and Cannon,
J. (eds.), Westbury-on-Trym: Monastery,
Minster and College (Bristol Record Society, Vol. 62, 2010)
Pender, S. (ed.), A census of Ireland circa 1659 with
essential materials from the Poll Money Ordinances 1660-1661 (Dublin, 2002)
Power, Canon P., Place-names of the Decies (Cork, 1952)
Slater, Rev. H.E. (ed.), Cartulary of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist (3 vols. Oxford Historical Society, LXIV, 1914), vol. 1
Slater, Rev. H.E. (ed.), Cartulary of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist (3 vols. Oxford Historical Society, LXIV, 1914), vol. 1
Simington, R.C. (ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656 County of
Waterford Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery Office, Dublin, 1942)
Sweetman, H.S. (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland
(5 vols. Kraus reprint, 1974), vol. 5
Walton, J., ‘The
Subsidy Roll of County Waterford, 1662’, in Analecta
Hibernica, No. 30, (Dublin, 1982), pp. 47-96
White, N. (ed.), Monastic extents of Irish monastic
possessions 1540-1541 (Stationery Office, Dublin, 1943),
=============
End of post
=============
[1] Brand,
P., ‘The formation of a parish: the case of Beaulieu, County Louth’, in
Bradley, J. (ed.), Settlement and Society
in Medieval Ireland: Studies presented to F.X. Martin (Kilkenny, 1988), pp.
261-276, at p. 262
[2] Sweetman,
H.S. (ed.), Calendar of Documents
relating to Ireland (5 vols. Kraus reprint, 1974), vol. 5, pp. 305, 306
[3] Simington,
R.C. (ed.), The Civil Survey A.D.
1654-1656 County of Waterford Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery Office,
Dublin, 1942), p. 20
[4] Moore,
M. (ed.), Archaeological Inventory of
County Waterford (Stationery Office, Dublin, 1999), nos. 527, 600, 678,
727, 728
[5] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 806, 847, 937
[6] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, no. 1202
[7] Sweetman
(ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to
Ireland, vol. 5, p. 305
[8] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, p. 20
[9]
Griffith’s Valuation, Kilcockan parish, Coshmore & Coshbride barony, Co.
Waterford, pp. 1-7
[10] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, p. 17
[11] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 640, 668, 669
[12] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, no. 785
[13] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 1013, 1105, 1229
[14] Sweetman
(ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to
Ireland, vol. 5, p. 306
[15] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, pp. 17, 18, 19
[16]
Griffith’s Valuation, Kilwatermoy parish, Coshmore & Coshbride barony, Co.
Waterford, pp. 9-17
[17] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, p. 16
[18] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, pp. 71-101.
[19] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, no. 925
[20] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, no. 1185
[23] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, pp. 16, 17
[24]
Griffith’s Valuation, Tallow parish, Coshmore & Coshbride barony, Co.
Waterford, pp. 107-24
[25] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, p. 20
[26] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 555, 586
[27] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 774, 805
[28] Moore
(ed.), Archaeological Inventory of County
Waterford, nos. 989, 1028, 1057, 1068
[29] Sweetman
(ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland,
vol. 5, p. 305
[30] Simington
(ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656
County of Waterford Vol. VI, pp. 20, 21
[31]
Griffith’s Valuation, Templemichael parish, Coshmore & Coshbride barony,
Co. Waterford, pp. 125-32
[32]
MacNeill, E., Phases of Irish History
(Dublin, 1920), pp. 286, 287
[33] Slater, Rev. H.E. (ed.), Cartulary of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist (3 vols. Oxford Historical Society, LXIV, 1914), vol. 1, pp. 486, 487; Pender, S. (ed.), A census of Ireland
circa 1659 with essential materials from the Poll Money Ordinances 1660-1661 (Dublin,
2002), pp. 338, 339
[34]
Walton, J., ‘The Subsidy Roll of County Waterford, 1662’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 30, (Dublin,
1982), pp. 47-96, at pp. 58-60
[35] http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2013/09/molana-abbey-in-county-waterford-ireland.html
accessed on 23rd December 2017
[36] Brand,
P., ‘The formation of a parish: the case of Beaulieu, County Louth’, pp.
261-276, at pp. 262, 268
[37]
MacCotter, P., A History of the Medieval
Diocese of Cloyne (Blackrock, 2013), p. 65
[38]
Orme, N., and Cannon, J. (eds.), Westbury-on-Trym:
Monastery, Minster and College (Bristol Record Society, Vol. 62, 2010), p.
7
[39]
MacCotter, A History of the Medieval
Diocese of Cloyne, pp. 64, 65
[40] http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2013/09/knockanore-in-cork-or-waterford-in.html
accessed on 23rd December 2017; http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2017/03/norman-overlords-of-ofhearghusa-alias.html
accessed on 23rd December 2017
[41] Brooks,
E. St. John, Knight’s fees in Counties
Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny in 13th-15th Century (Dublin,
1950), pp. 50, 219, 222, 226; Harbison,
S.H., ‘The Absentee Problem in Waterford and East Cork during William of
Windsor’s Administration, l369-'76’, in Decies,
No. 23 (1983), pp.4-16, p. 9 with reference to C.C.H., p. 129, no. 57 = about
1400 the Uniacke and de Capella families were tenants of the two fees from the
Earl of Ormond
[42] White,
N. (ed.), Monastic extents of Irish
monastic possessions 1540-1541 (Stationery Office, Dublin, 1943), pp. 148-9
[43]
Power, Canon P., Place-names of the
Decies (Cork, 1952), p. 26
[44] Sweetman
(ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to
Ireland, vol. 5, pp. 305, 306
[45]
Empey, C.A., ‘County Waterford: 1200-1300’, in Nolan, W., and Power, T.P.
(eds.), Waterford History & Society:
Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County (Dublin, 1992),
pp. 131-146, at p. 132
[46]
MacCotter, A History of the Medieval
Diocese of Cloyne, p. 77
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